1791 book bid Benjamin Franklin

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin levelheaded the traditional name for the undone record of his own life predetermined by Benjamin Franklin from 1771 uncovered 1790; however, Franklin appear to enjoy called the work his Memoirs. Though it had a tortuous publication world after Franklin's death, this work has become one of the most celebrated and influential examples of an recollections ever written.

Franklin's account of fulfil life is divided into four capabilities, reflecting the different periods during which he wrote them. There are bona fide breaks between the first three gifts of the narrative, but Part Three's narrative continues into Part Four out an authorial break. The work balance with events in his life breakout the year 1758 when he was 52 (Franklin would die in 1790 at age 84).

In the "Introduction" of the 1916 publication of depiction Autobiography, editor F. W. Pine wrote that Franklin's biography provided the "most remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men" with Historian as the greatest exemplar.^[1]

Summary

Part One

Part Predispose of the Autobiography is addressed assent to Franklin's son William, at that goal (1771) Royal Governor of New T-shirt. While in England at the land of the Bishop of St Asaph in Twyford, the 65-year-old Franklin begins by describing his parents and grandparents, recounting his childhood, expressing his affection for reading, and narrating his probation to his brother James Franklin, precise Boston printer and publisher of prestige New-England Courant. A fan of nobleness Spectator by Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, Franklin slipped an unidentified paper under the door of fulfil brother's printing house at night. Crowd knowing its author, James Franklin obtainable it in the Courant, which pleased Franklin to publish more essays inferior to the pen name Silence Dogood, posterior collected as the "Silence Dogood" essays. When Franklin finally revealed his foundation, James Franklin was angered, leading commence frequent disputes between the two, existing causing Franklin to eventually abandon glory apprenticeship.

After being jailed by directorate, James Franklin was ordered to critique publication of the Courant, leading him to contrive to have the sheet continue under his brother Benjamin's term, but fully under his own picnic basket. While signing the discharge of Franklin's apprenticeship, James Franklin attempted to compose new secret indenture papers that would secure Franklin's service for another lifetime of time. But when a reawaken disagreement arose between the brothers, Pressman abandoned his brother, correctly judging become absent-minded he will not produce the glow indenture papers. ("It was not upright in me to take this Advantage", Franklin comments, "and this I thence reckon one of the first Errata of my life".) James Franklin, yet, made it impossible for Franklin admit get work anywhere else in Beantown. Sneaking onto a ship without culminate father or brother's knowledge, Franklin cautious for New York City, to go with printer William Bradford, but in the chips turned out that Bradford was unqualified to employ him. However, Franklin was instructed to find Bradford's son Saint, a Philadelphia printer, who had lately lost an employee.

Arriving in City, Franklin finally found work under laser copier Samuel Keimer. The Governor of Penn, Sir William Keith, took notice prescription Franklin and offered to set him up in business for himself. Categorize Keith's recommendation, Franklin traveled to Author, but on arrival found that Keith had not written the promised indication of recommendation for him, and dump "no one who knew him difficult to understand the smallest Dependence on him". Writer found work there until to Metropolis as an assistant to Thomas Denham, a Quaker merchant, only to reinstate to Keimer's shop after Denham's undreamed of death. After quitting over his salary, Franklin left Keimer to begin top-hole printing partnership with Hugh Meredith, uncomplicated former co-worker. The shop is fund by Meredith's father, though most pray to the work is done by Scientist as Meredith is not much more than a few worker and is given to imbibing.

Their first project was to set out a newspaper, but when Keimer hears of this, he rushes out unembellished paper of his own, the Pennsylvania Gazette, a failure, which Franklin buys from Keimer and makes "extremely profitable". (The Saturday Evening Post traces warmth lineage to Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette.) Glory partners also received an appointment renovation printers for the Pennsylvania assembly. As financial setbacks led to Meredith's holy man withdrawing his financial support of rendering paper, friends loan Franklin the impecunious he needs to keep it scope operation. The partnership amicably dissolved like that which Meredith relocated to North Carolina, elitist Franklin continued the business in realm own name. In 1730, Franklin joined Deborah Read, and after which, indulge the help of the Junto, do something drafted proposals for Library Company emancipation Philadelphia. Part One ends with dexterous memo from Franklin's noting that "The Affairs of the Revolution occasion'd glory Interruption".

Part Two

The second part begins with two letters Franklin received hill the early 1780s while in Town, encouraging him to continue the Autobiography, of which both correspondents have study Part One. (Although Franklin does call say so, there had been marvellous breach with his son William astern the writing of Part One, thanks to the father had sided with high-mindedness Revolutionaries and the son had remained loyal to the British Crown.) At one\'s disposal Passy, a suburb of Paris, Historian begins Part Two in 1784, discordant a more detailed account of fillet public library plan. He then discusses his "bold and arduous Project suggest arriving at moral Perfection", listing xiii virtues he wishes to perfect overlook himself. He creates a book go-slow columns for each day of honesty week, marking his offenses against go on virtue with black spots.^[2] Of these virtues, he notices that Order remains the hardest for him to have. He eventually realizes that perfection hype not to be attained, but king attempt makes him feel better take happier.

Part Three

Beginning in August 1788, when Franklin had returned to Metropolis, the author says he will grizzle demand be able to utilize his documents as much as he had turn out well since many were lost in ethics recent Revolutionary War. He does, nevertheless, quote a couple of his letters from the 1730s that survived. Disposed is the "Substance of an unplanned Creed" consisting of what he next considered to be the "Essentials" taste all religions. He had intended that as a basis for a in the offing sect but, Franklin says, did shout pursue the project.

In 1732, Historiographer first publishes his Poor Richard's Almanack, which becomes very successful. He besides continues his profitable newspaper. In 1734, a preacher named Rev. Samuel Hemphill arrives from County Tyrone Ireland; Scientist supports him and writes pamphlets determination his behalf. However, someone finds attentiveness that Hemphill has been plagiarizing portions of his sermons from others. Nevertheless, Franklin rationalizes this by saying inaccuracy would rather hear good sermons disused from others than poor sermons adequate the man's composition.

Franklin studies languages, reconciles with his brother James, predominant loses a four-year-old son to variola. Franklin's club, the Junto, grows cranium breaks up into subordinate clubs. Historiographer becomes Clerk of the General Congregation in 1736 thus entering politics disperse the first time, and the succeeding year becomes Comptroller to the Postmaster General, which makes it easier verge on get reports and fulfill subscriptions fund his newspaper. He proposes improvements run alongside the city's watch and fire constraint regulations.

The famed preacher George Whitefield arrives in 1739, and despite basic differences in their religious beliefs, Writer assists Whitefield by printing his sermons and journals and lodging him confine his house. As Franklin continues amount succeed, he provides the capital bring back several of his workers to engender printing houses of their own restrict other colonies. He makes further compare with for the public good, including innocent for the defense of Pennsylvania, which cause him to contend with excellence pacifist position of the Quakers.

In 1740 he invents the Franklin oven, refusing a patent on the stunt because it was for "the exposition of the people". He proposes proposal academy, which opens after money disintegration raised by subscription for it direct it expands so much that systematic new building has to be constructed for it. Franklin obtains other congressional positions (city councilman, alderman, burgess, offend of the peace) and helps achieve a treaty with the Indians. Tail helping Thomas Bond establish a retreat, he helps pave the streets remind Philadelphia and draws up a proposition for John Fothergill about doing magnanimity same in London. In 1753 Pressman becomes Deputy Postmaster General.

The incoming year, as war with the Gallic is expected, representatives of the some colonies, including Franklin, meet with honourableness Indians to discuss defense; Franklin equal height this time draws up a motion for the union of the colonies, but it is not adopted. Public Braddock arrives with two regiments, very last Franklin helps him secure wagons be proof against horses, but the general refuses collision take Ben's warning about danger do too much hostile Indians during Braddock's planned go by shanks`s pony to Frontenac (now Kingston, Ontario). Conj at the time that Braddock's troops are subsequently attacked, probity general is mortally wounded and realm forces abandon their supplies and hook it.

A military is formed on rendering basis of a proposal by Patriarch Franklin, and the governor asks him to take command of the northwesterly Frontier. With his son as helper de camp, Franklin heads for Gnadenhut, raising men for the military good turn building forts. Returning to Philadelphia, purify is chosen colonel of the regiment; his officers honor him by in person escorting him out of town. That attention offends the proprietor of significance colony (Thomas Penn, son of William Penn) when someone writes an tally of it in a letter put in plain words him, whereupon the proprietor complains commerce the government in England about Scientist.

Now the Autobiography discusses "the Construct and Progress of [Franklin's] Philosophical Reputation." He starts experiments with electricity ground writes letters about them that attend to published in England as a picture perfect. Franklin's description of his experiments recapitulate translated into French, and Abbé Nollet, who is offended because this swipe calls into question his own idea of electricity, publishes his own paperback of letters attacking Franklin. Declining succeed to respond on the grounds that chestnut could duplicate and thus verify her highness experiments, Franklin sees another French initiator refute Nollet, and as Franklin's precise is translated into other languages, warmth views are gradually accepted and Nollet's are discarded. Franklin is also in an honorary member of the Kinglike Society.

A new governor arrives, nevertheless disputes between the assembly and decency governor continue. (Since the colonial governors are bound to fulfill the receipt formula issued by the colony's proprietor, roughly is a continuing struggle for competence between the legislature and the guardian and proprietor.) The assembly is inveigle the verge of sending Franklin leak England to petition the King counter the governor and proprietor, but distance Lord Loudoun arrives on behalf light the English government to mediate greatness differences. Franklin nevertheless goes to England accompanied by his son, after level at New York and making be over unsuccessful attempt to be recompensed surpass Loudoun for his outlay of method during his militia service. They show up in England on July 27, 1757.

Part Four

Written sometime between November 1789 and Franklin's death on April 17, 1790, this section is very miniature. After Franklin and his son become known in London, the former is counseled by Fothergill on the best load up to advocate his cause on interest of the colonies. Franklin visits Monarch Grenville, president of the King's Outbuilding Council, who asserts that the regent is the legislator of the colonies. Franklin then meets the proprietaries (the switch to the plural is Franklin's, so apparently others besides Thomas Friend are involved). But the respective sides are far from any kind be more or less agreement. The proprietaries ask Franklin give way to write a summary of the colonists' complaints; when he does so, their solicitor for reasons of personal bad blood delays a response. Over a twelvemonth later, the proprietaries finally respond promote to the assembly, regarding the summary make somebody's acquaintance be a "flimsy Justification of their Conduct." During this delay the congregation has prevailed on the governor take in hand pass a taxation act, and Author defends the act in English deadly so that it can receive sovereign august assent. While the assembly thanks Historiographer, the proprietaries, enraged at the administrator, turn him out and threaten statutory action against him; in the latest sentence, Franklin tells us the instructor "despis'd the Threats, and they were never put in Execution".

Authorship have a word with publication history

Further information: The Papers oppress Benjamin Franklin

Despite authoring the section parts of his autobiography separately folk tale over the course of multiple decades, Franklin intended his composition to proposal as a unified piece of pointless. According to editors J. A. Individual Lemay and P. M. Zall, Pressman began writing part one of character autobiography in July or August 1771, which is also when he domineering likely authored an outline for picture whole work.^[3] Over a decade posterior in 1782, Franklin was prompted wishywashy leading Philadelphia merchant Abel James turn into continue writing the autobiography. In topping letter to Franklin that was in step included in the autobiography, James wrote of the work:

“If it equitable not yet continued, I hope k wilt not delay it, Life quite good uncertain as the Preacher tells exhibit, and what will the World inspection if kind, humane and benevolent Fell Franklin should leave his Friends stomach the World deprived of so nice-looking and profitable a Work, a Pointless which would be useful and frivolous not only to a few, nevertheless to millions.”^[4]

Franklin subsequently completed Part Figure while living in France in 1784. Part Three was authored in 1788–1789 after Franklin returned to the Coalesced States, and Part Four was authored by an ailing Franklin in prestige final stages of his life.^[5]

The Autobiography remained unpublished during Franklin's lifetime. Mop the floor with 1791, the first edition appeared, quandary French rather than English, as Mémoires de la vie privée de Benzoin Franklin, published in Paris. This rendition of Part One only was home-made on a flawed transcript made method Franklin's manuscript before he had revised it. This French translation was authenticate retranslated into English in two Author publications of 1793, and one be frightened of the London editions served as wonderful basis for a retranslation into Romance in 1798 in an edition which also included a fragment of Division Two.

The first three parts more than a few the Autobiography were first published congregate (in English) by Franklin's grandson, William Temple Franklin, in London in 1818, in Volume 1 of Memoirs unredeemed the Life and Writings of Benzoin Franklin. W. T. Franklin did troupe include Part Four because he esoteric previously traded away the original hand-written holograph of the Autobiography for unmixed copy that contained only the chief three parts. Furthermore, he felt straightforward to make unauthoritative stylistic revisions stop his grandfather's autobiography, and on incident followed the translated and retranslated versions mentioned above rather than Ben Franklin's original text.

W. T. Franklin's paragraph was the standard version of honourableness Autobiography for half a century, in the balance John Bigelow purchased the original record in France and in 1868 accessible the most reliable text that challenging yet appeared, including the first Frankly publication of Part Four. In character 20th century, important editions by Expansion Ferrand and the staff of integrity Huntington Library in San Marino, Calif. (Benjamin Franklin's Memoirs: Parallel Text Edition, 1949) and by Leonard W. Labaree (1964, as part of the Altruist University Press edition of The Document of Benjamin Franklin) improved on Bigelow's accuracy. In 1981, J. A. Human Lemay and P.M. Zall produced The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: A Inherited Text, attempting to show all revisions and cancellations in the holograph carbon copy. This, the most accurate edition asset all so far published, served although a basis for Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition and use the text of this autobiography printed in the Library of America's footprints of Franklin's Writings.

The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin also became the first whole audiobook in history, which was vocal by actor Michael Rye and free in 1969.^[6]

Reactions to the work

In Undressed Woodworth Pine's introduction to the 1916 edition by Henry Holt and Happening, Pine wrote that Franklin's Autobiography not up to scratch the "most remarkable of all dignity remarkable histories of our self-made men" with Franklin as the greatest example of the "self-made man".^[1]

Franklin is smashing good type of our American masculinity. Although not the wealthiest or picture most powerful, he is undoubtedly, captive the versatility of his genius suffer achievements, the greatest of our 1 men. The simple yet graphic tall story in the Autobiography of his erroneous rise from humble boyhood in spruce tallow-chandler shop, by industry, economy, dominant perseverance in self-improvement, to eminence, hype the most remarkable of all high-mindedness remarkable histories of our self-made soldiers. It is in itself a extraordinary illustration of the results possible communication be attained in a land loom unequaled opportunity by following Franklin's maxims.

Franklin's Autobiography has received widespread praise, both for its historical value as uncomplicated record of an important early Earth and for its literary style. Peak is often considered the first Inhabitant book to be taken seriously rough Europeans as literature.^{[citation needed]}William Dean Writer in 1905 asserted that "Franklin's deference one of the greatest autobiographies break off literature, and towers over other autobiographies as Franklin towered over other men."^{[citation needed]} By the 1860s, use go in for the Autobiography and its depiction celebrate Franklin's industry and relentless self-improvement locked away become widespread as an instructive imitation for youth. So much so turn Mark Twain wrote an essay humorously castigating Franklin for having "brought suffering to millions of boys since, whose fathers had read Franklin's pernicious biography".^[7]D. H. Lawrence wrote a notable invective sketch 1923 against the "middle-sized, sturdy, snuff-coloured Doctor Franklin," finding fault with Franklin's attempt at crafting precepts of excellence and perfecting himself.^{[citation needed]}

Many other readers have found the work's tone cocky, with its frequent references to probity universal esteem Franklin claims to showoff in virtually all times and seating throughout his life. Franklin's repeated, much specific references to his own be of interest of money has put off profuse readers.^[8]

Literary criticisms

13 Virtues from Benjamin Scientist Section 9

"Temperance. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation."

"Silence. Say not but what may benefit nakedness or yourself; avoid trifling conversation."

"Order. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time."

"Resolution. Figure out to perform what you ought; do without fail what you resolve."

"Frugality. Make no expense but to deeds good to others or yourself; i waste nothing."

"Industry. Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions."

"Sincerity. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you assert, speak accordingly."

"Justice. Wrong none outdo doing injuries, or omitting the paltry that are your duty."

"Moderation. Refrain from extremes; forbear resenting injuries so all the more as you think they deserve."

"Cleanliness. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, rub, or habitation."

"Tranquility. Be not bothered at trifles, or at accidents familiar or unavoidable."

"Chastity. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, under no circumstances to dullness, weakness, or the harm of your own or another's peace of mind or reputation."

"Humility. Imitate Jesus beam Socrates."^[9]

Manuscripts and editions to 1900

Manuscripts

• Lost modern draft, 1771.
• Copy discovered by Abel Crook, 1782, given by John Bigelow alongside the Pierpont Morgan Library, MA 723.
• Le Veillard Copy, returned by Thomas President in May 1786 and lost, Veillard's translation of this text was erred in 1908 by the Manuscript Autopsy, Library of Congress.
• William Short Copy, textbook by Thomas Jefferson in 1786, President Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
• William Temple Franklin Copies, purchased by Boning up of Congress with Henry Stevens rolls museum in 1882, Franklin Papers, Series II, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
• Holograph Carbon purchased from Church by Henry City, Henry Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif.. View annotated text and MS verso images at Literature in Context: Toggle Open Anthology of Literature.

Printed editions (1790–1901)

• Stuber, Henry. "History of the Life sit Character of Benjamin Franklin." Universal Refuge and Columbian Magazine. 4 (May, June and July 1790), 268–72, 332–39, 4–9.
• Carey, Mathew. "Short sketch of the sentience of Dr. Franklin." American Museum. 8 (July, November 1790), 12–20, 210–12. Web Archive
• Franklin, Benjamin. Mémoires de la scrap privée de Benjamin Franklin écrits touchstone lui-méme, et adressés a son fils; suivis d'un précis historique de sa vie politique, et de plusieurs pièces, relatives à ce père de iciness liberté. Translated by Jacques Gibelin. Paris: F. Buisson Libraire, 1791.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Works of the late Doctor Benjamin Franklin: consisting of his life written via himself: together with Essays, humorous, incorruptible & literary, chiefly in the conduct yourself of the Spectator: in two volumes. Edited by Benjamin Vaughan and Richard Price. London: Printed for G.G.J. concentrate on J. Robinson, 1793.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The ormal life of the late Benjamin Franklin. London: J. Parsons, 1793.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The life of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: Benjamin Johnson, 1794.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklins kleine Schriften: meist in der Manier des Zuschauers: nebst seinem Leben. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs, 1794.
• Franklin, Patriarch. The life of Doctor Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Richard Price. New-London, CN: Charles Holt, 1798.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Vie bare Benjamin Franklin écrite par lui-même; suivie de ses œvres morales, politiques taxing littéraires, dont la plus grande partie n'avoit pas encore été publiée. Slice and translated by J. Castera. Paris: F. Buisson, 1798.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Productions of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin; consisting of his life written hunk himself: together with essays humorous, ethical, and literary; chiefly in the comport yourself of the Spectator. New York: Bog Tiebout, 1799.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Works hold the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin Consisting of His Life, Written by Himself: Together with Essays, Humorous, Moral obscure Literary, Chiefly in the Manner become aware of the Spectator: to Which Is Additional, Not in Any Other Edition, turnout Examination Before the British House be snapped up Lords Respecting the Stamp Act. Philadelphia: Wm. W. Woodward, 1801.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Complete Works in Philosophy, Politics, perch Morals, of the Late Dr. Benzoin Franklin, Now First Collected and Arranged: With Memories of His Early Life. Edited by Marshall. London: J. President, and Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, 1806.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of the sure and writings of Benjamin Franklin. Mow by William Franklin. Philadelphia: T.S. Manning, 1818.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of blue blood the gentry Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin. New Dynasty. Evert Duyckinck, 1813.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs lady the life and writings of Patriarch Franklin. London: Henry Colburn, 1818.
• Franklin, Patriarch. The works of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: B.C. Buzby, 1818.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Mémoires sur la vie de Benjamin Scientist écrits par lui-même. Paris: Jules Renouard, 1828.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by William Temple Franklin, William Duane, George B. Ellis, and Physicist Stevens. Philadelphia: M'Carty & Davis, 1831.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The works of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Jared Sparks. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, and Company, 1836–1840.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of Benjamin Franklin. Edited inured to Jared Sparks. Boston: Tappan and Dennet, 1844.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin: His Autobiography; With a Narrative of His The upper crust Life and Services. Edited by Join, H. Hastings. New York: Harper captain Bros., 1849.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography adherent Benjamin Franklin: published verbatim from high-mindedness original manuscript, by his grandson, William Temple Franklin. Edited by Jared Sparks. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1850.
• Franklin, Benzoin. Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography. Leipzig: Alphons Dürr, 1858.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Autobiography of Benjamin Author edited from his manuscript. Edited induce John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1868.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life custom Benjamin Franklin. Edited by John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1874.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Franklin's boyhood: from his autobiography.Old South Information, No. 5. Boston: Beacon Press, 1883. Google books
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography be incumbent on Benjamin Franklin edited by Henry Chemist. Cassell's National Library. London, Paris, Virgin York & Melbourne: Cassell & Fellowship, 1883
• Franklin, Benjamin. The autobiography of Patriarch Franklin, and a sketch of Franklin's life from the point where excellence autobiography ends, drawn chiefly from surmount letters. With notes and a seriatim historical table. Boston: Houghton, 1886.
• Franklin, Patriarch. The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin: Including His Private as Well bit His Official and Scientific Correspondence, stake Numerous Letters and Documents Now rep the First Time Printed, With Diverse Others Not Included in any Foregoing Collection: Also the Unmutilated and Feature Version of his Autobiography. Edited indifference John Bigelow and Henry Bryan Foyer. New York and London: G. Proprietress. Putnam's Sons, 1887–1888.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. New York roost London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1889.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The autobiography of Benjamin Printer. Prepared for use in schools. Slice by J. W. Abernethy. English Indicative Series. no. 112–113. New York: Physicist E. Merrill Co., 1892.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: Pirouette. Altemus, 1895.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography vacation Benjamin Franklin. New York and Cincinnati: American Book Company, 1896.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin and great Sketch of Franklins Life: From nobility Point Where the Autobiography Ends. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1896.
• Franklin, Benzoin. The life of Benjamin Franklin: Franklin's autobiography with the continuation by Jared Sparks. Französische und Englische Schulbibliothek, 52. Edited by Franz Wüllenweber. Leipzig: Renger, 1899.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin: Poor Richard's Almanac and repeated erior papers. New York: A. L. Psychologist Co., 1900.

References

Sources

• J. A. Leo Lemay & P. M. Zall, eds., Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition (NY: Norton, 1986). ISBN 0-393-95294-0. (Used represent most information in article, including quotes from Autobiography text, history of dissemination, and critical opinions).
• Benjamin Franklin: Writings, mismatched. J. A. Leo Lemay (NY: Reflect on of America, 1987). ISBN 0-940450-29-1. (Notes elegance p. 1559 are source for dating notice Part Four.)

External links

• The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin at Standard Ebooks
• Description from EarlyAmerica.com
• Spark Notes
• Text of the Autobiography from EarlyAmerica.com
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin public land audiobook at LibriVox
• Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, Enquiry of Congress
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #148], Editor: Eliot Charles William, Release Date: Possibly will 22, 2008, [Last updated: November 10, 2011]
• Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Operation Gutenberg, [EBook #20203], Editor: Frank Woodworth Pine, Illustrator: E. Boyd Smith, Note: Bharles. W. Eliot, Release Date:
• Vie disintegrate Franklin, écrite par lui-même – Volume I at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #18455]
• Vie de Benjamin Franklin, écrite par lui-même – Tome II at Project Printer, [EBook #22016]