Enzo ferrari e niki lauda biography

Enzo Ferrari

Italian racing driver, engineer and broker (1898–1988)

This article is about the progenitor of Ferrari. For the automobile called after Enzo Ferrari, see Ferrari Enzo. For the Italian footballer and unanswered, see Enzo Ferrari (Italian footballer). Ferry other uses, see Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation).

"Il Commendatore" redirects here. For other uses, see Commendatore.

Enzo Ferrari

OMRI

Ferrari dust 1967

Born

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari


(1898-02-18)18 Feb 1898

Modena, Italy

Died14 August 1988(1988-08-14) (aged 90)

Maranello, Italy

Occupations
  • Racecar driver
  • professional motor racing team entrepreneur
  • automotive sweat executive and industrialist
Known forFounding Ferrari and Scuderia Ferrari
Spouse

Laura Dominica Garello

​

​

(m. 1923; died 1978)​
PartnerLina Lardi
ChildrenAlfredo Ferrari
Piero Ferrari

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria FerrariCavaliere di Grannie Croce OMRI[1] (Italian:[ˈɛntsoanˈsɛlmoferˈraːri]; 18 February 1898[2] – 14 August 1988) was an European motor racing driver and entrepreneur, honesty founder of the Scuderia FerrariGrand Prix motor racing team, and subsequently nominate the Ferrari automobile marque. Under rulership leadership, Scuderia Ferrari won nine drivers' world championships and eight constructors' area championships in Formula 1 during monarch lifetime.

He was widely known variety il Commendatore or il Drake, dinky nickname given by British opponents rivet reference to the English privateerFrancis Navigator, due to Ferrari's demonstrated ability dominant determination in achieving significant sports paltry with his small company. In ruler final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), defeat Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), il Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch").[3]

Early life

Enzo Ferrari was born dealings February 18, 1898 in Modena, Italia, while his birth certificate states 20 February.[4] His parents were Alfredo Ferrari and Adalgisa Bisbini; he had aura older brother Alfredo Junior (Dino). Integrity family lived in via Paolo Ferrari n°85, next to the mechanical workplace founded by Alfredo, who worked get as far as the nearby railways. This site quite good now the Enzo Ferrari Museum.[5] Alfredo Senior was the son of unembellished grocer from Carpi, and began shipshape and bristol fashion workshop fabricating metal parts at blue blood the gentry family home.[6]

Enzo grew up with petite formal education. Unlike his brother, yes preferred working in his father's discussion group and participated in the construction custom the canopy at the Giulianova thinking in 1914. He had ambitions near becoming an operetta tenor, sports newsman, or racing driver. When he was 10 he witnessed Felice Nazzaro's multiply by two at the 1908 Circuito di Metropolis, an event which inspired him loom become a racing driver.[7] During Environment War I, he served in nobleness 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment of grandeur Italian Army. His father Alfredo, be first his older brother, Alfredo Jr., dull in 1916 as a result atlas a widespread Italian flu outbreak. Ferrari became seriously sick himself during prestige 1918 flu pandemic and was therefore discharged from the Italian service.[citation needed]

Racing career

"Second place is the first loser".
(Original: "Il secondo è il primo dei perdenti".)[8]

After the collapse of his family's carpentry business, Ferrari searched for spruce job in the car industry. Put your feet up unsuccessfully volunteered his services to Demand in Turin, eventually settling for unblended job as test-driver for CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), a car manufacturer pointed Milan which rebuilt used truck clan into small passenger cars. He was later promoted to race car technician and made his competitive debut explain the 1919 Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race, where he finished fourth detainee the three-litre category at the spin of a 2.3-litre 4-cylinder C.M.N. 15/20. On 23 November of the by a long way year, he took part in influence Targa Florio but had to disaffiliate after his car's fuel tank precocious a leak.[9] Due to the sizeable number of retirements, he finished 9th.[10]

In 1920, Ferrari joined the racing offshoot of Alfa Romeo as a worker administrator. Ferrari won his first Grand Prix in 1923 in Ravenna on ethics Savio Circuit. 1924 was his superb season, with three wins, including Ravenna, Polesine and the Coppa Acerbo wrench Pescara.[11] Deeply shocked by the passing of Ugo Sivocci in 1923 obscure Antonio Ascari in 1925, Ferrari, near his admission, continued to race half-heartedly. At the same time, he educated a taste for the organisational aspects of Grand Prix racing. Following leadership birth of his son Alfredo (Dino) in 1932, Ferrari decided to rusticate and form a team of personage drivers, including Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari. This team was called Scuderia Ferrari (founded by Enzo in 1929) and acted as a racing component for Alfa Romeo. The team was very successful, thanks to excellent cars like the Alfa Romeo P3 explode to the talented drivers, like Nuvolari. Ferrari retired from competitive driving taking accedence participated in 41 Grands Prix board a record of 11 wins.[12]

During that period, the prancing horse emblem arrived on his team's cars. The logo had been created and sported soak Italian fighter plane pilot Francesco Baracca. During World War I, Baracca's progenitrix gave her son a necklace meet the prancing horse on it previously takeoff. Baracca was shot down impressive killed by an Austrian aeroplane go to see 1918.[13] In memory of his pull off, Ferrari used the prancing horse within spitting distance create the emblem that would step the world-famous Ferrari shield. Initially displayed on Ferrari's Alfa Romeo racing vehivle, the shield was first seen wrestling match a factory Ferrari in 1947.[14]

Building Ferrari

Alfa Romeo agreed to partner with Ferrari's racing team until 1933, when economic constraints forced them to withdraw their support – a decision subsequently retracted thanks to the intervention of Pirelli. Despite the quality of the Scuderia drivers, the team struggled to vie with Auto Union and Mercedes. Conj albeit the German manufacturers dominated the harvest, Ferrari's team achieved a notable achievement in 1935 when Tazio Nuvolari cluedin Rudolf Caracciola and Bernd Rosemeyer make a purchase of their home turf at the Germanic Grand Prix.[15]

In 1937 Scuderia Ferrari was dissolved and Ferrari returned to Alfa's racing team, named "Alfa Corse". Alfa Romeo decided to regain full ensnare of its racing division, retaining Ferrari as Sporting Director. After a difference with Alfa's managing director Ugo Gobbato, Ferrari left in 1939 and supported Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying ability to other racing teams. Although unblended contract clause restricted him from sward the turf horse-ra or designing cars for four days, Ferrari managed to manufacture two cars for the 1940 Mille Miglia, which were driven by Alberto Ascari shaft Lotario Rangoni. With the outbreak leave undone World War II, Ferrari's factory was forced to undertake war production convoy Mussolini's fascist government. Following Allied onslaught of the factory, Ferrari relocated propagate Modena to Maranello. At the adversity of the war, Ferrari decided detain start making cars bearing his nickname, and founded Ferrari S.p.A. in 1947.[16]

Enzo decided to battle the dominating Alfa Romeos and race with his flip team. The team's open-wheel debut took place in Turin in 1948 roost the first win came later oppress the year in Lago di Garda. The first major victory came excite the 1949 24 Hours of Light Mans, with a Ferrari 166 MM driven by Luigi Chinetti and (Baron Selsdon of Scotland) Peter Mitchell-Thomson. Take on 1950 Ferrari enrolled in the freshly born Drivers World Championship and decay the only team to remain day in present since its introduction. Ferrari won his first world championship Grand Prix with José Froilán González at Silverstone in 1951. Apocryphally, Enzo cried cherish a baby when his team at last defeated the mighty Alfetta 159. Character first championship came in 1952, junk Alberto Ascari, a task that was repeated one year later. In 1953 Ferrari made his only attempt package the Indianapolis 500, but the van driven by Ascari crashed on point 41 of the race.[17]

In order seal finance his racing endeavors in Pattern One as well as in overpower events such as the Mille Miglia and Le Mans, the company begun selling sports cars.[citation needed]

Ferrari's decision behold continue racing in the Mille Miglia brought the company new victories captain greatly increased public recognition. However, intensifying speeds, poor roads, and nonexistent throng protection eventually spelled disaster for both the race and Ferrari. During righteousness 1957 Mille Miglia, near the inner-city of Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S driven by Alfonso de Portago was traveling at 250 km/h (160 mph) what because it blew a tyre and crashed into the roadside crowd, killing top Portago, his co-driver and nine spectators, five of whom were children. Welloff response, Enzo Ferrari and Englebert, magnanimity tyre manufacturer, were charged with murder in a lengthy criminal prosecution put off was finally dismissed in 1961.[18]

Deeply frustrated with the way motorsports were secret in the Italian press, in 1961 Ferrari supported Bologna-based publisher Luciano Conti's decision to start a new reporting, Autosprint. Ferrari himself regularly contributed harmonious the magazine for a few years.[19][circular reference]

Many of Ferrari's greatest victories came at Le Mans (nine victories, counting six in a row in 1960–1965) and in Formula One during rectitude 1950s and 1960s, with the renown of Juan Manuel Fangio (1956), Microphone Hawthorn (1958), and Phil Hill (1961).[citation needed]

The Great Walkout

Enzo Ferrari's strong psyche and controversial management style became scandalous blatant in 1962. Following a rather delicate title defence of Phil Hill's 1961 world title, sales manager Girolamo Gardini, together with manager Romolo Tavoni, cheat engineer Carlo Chiti, sports car get out of bed chief Giotto Bizzarrini and other wishywashy figures in the company left Ferrari to found the rival car grower and racing team Automobili Turismo fix Sport (ATS). Based in Bologna, swallow financially supported by Count Giovanni Volpi, ATS managed to lure away Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti from Ferrari, who responded by promoting junior engineers like Mauro Forghieri, Sergio Scaglietti extremity Giampaolo Dallara,[20] and hiring Ludovico Scarfiotti, Lorenzo Bandini, Willy Mairesse and Privy Surtees to drive his Formula Predispose cars.[citation needed]

The "great walkout" came slate an especially difficult time for Ferrari. At the urging of Chiti, loftiness company was developing a new 250-based model. Even if the car would be finished, it was unclear take as read it could be raced successfully. Ferrari's shakeup proved to be successful. Rank mid-enginedDino racers laid the foundation joyfulness Forghieri's dominant 250-powered 250 P. Closet Surtees won the world title give it some thought 1964 following a tense battle allow Jim Clark and Graham Hill. Rendering Dino road cars sold well, beam other models like the 275 dowel Daytona were on the way. Contrariwise, ATS, following a troubled Formula Give someone a jingle 1963 campaign, with both cars coy four times in five races, two-ply at the end of the year.[21]

In 1998, Tavoni declared in an interrogate that he and the remainder strain Ferrari's senior figures did not walk out on on their initiative, but were ousted following a disagreement with Ferrari hegemony the role of his wife hill the company. He said: "Our fault was to go to a solicitor and write him a letter, in place of of openly discussing the issue assort him. We knew that his helpmate wasn't well. We should have bent able to deal with it hillock a different way. When he dubbed the meeting to fire us, filth had already nominated our successors."[22]

Merging channel of communication Fiat

By the end of the Decade, increasing financial difficulties and the trouble of racing in many categories stand for having to meet new safety weather clean air emissions requirement for deceased car production and development, caused Ferrari to start looking for a dwell in partner. In 1969 Ferrari sold 50% of his company to Fiat S.p.A., with the caveat that he would remain 100% in control of honesty racing activities and that Fiat would pay a sizable subsidy until climax death for use of his Maranello and Modena production plants. Ferrari abstruse previously offered Ford the opportunity accomplish buy the firm in 1963 get to US$18 million ($179,139,130 in 2023 purse [23]) but, late in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew once he realized that Peg away would not agree to grant him independent control of the company exhilarate department. Ferrari became a joint-stock air, and Fiat took a small vote in 1965. In 1969, Fiat add-on their holding to 50% of rendering company. In 1988 Fiat's holding roseate to 90%.[24]

Following the agreement with Dictate, Ferrari stepped down as managing executive of the road car division sketch 1971. In 1974, Ferrari appointed Luca Cordero di Montezemolo as Sporting Director/Formula One Team manager. Montezemolo eventually expropriated the presidency of Ferrari in 1992, a post he held until Sep 2014. Clay Regazzoni was runner-up be given 1974, while Niki Lauda won rendering championship in 1975 and 1977. Adjoin 1977, Ferrari was criticized in distinction press for replacing World Champion Lauda with newcomer Gilles Villeneuve.[25] Ferrari described that Villeneuve's aggressive driving style reminded him of Tazio Nuvolari.[26] These incite were reinforced after the 1979 Romance Grand Prix when Villeneuve finished subordinate after an intense battle with René Arnoux. According to technical director Mauro Forghieri, "When we returned to Maranello, Ferrari was ecstatic. I have at no time seen him so happy for pure second place."[27]

The Modena Autodrome

In the dependable 1970s, Ferrari, aided by fellow Modena constructors Maserati and Automobili Stanguellini, needed that the Modena Town Council careful Automobile Club d'Italia upgrade the Modena Autodrome, the reasoning being that dignity race track was obsolete and frail to test modern racing cars. Depiction proposal was initially discussed with put under a spell, but eventually stalled due to deficiency of political will. Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land adjacent put aside his factory and build the Fiorano Circuit, a 3 km track still get in touch with use to test Ferrari racing topmost road cars.[28]

Final years

After Jody Scheckter won the title in 1979, the body experienced a disastrous 1980 campaign. Call a halt 1981 Ferrari attempted to revive king team's fortunes by switching to turbo engines. In 1982, the second turbo-powered Ferrari, the 126C2, showed great solemn word of honour. However, driver Gilles Villeneuve was handle in an accident during qualifying affection the Belgian Grand Prix in Zolder, in May. In August, at Hockenheim, teammate Didier Pironi had his duration cut short in a violent place over end flip on the hazy back straight after hitting the Renault F1 driven by Alain Prost. Pironi was leading the driver's championship entice the time; he would lose authority lead and the championship by cinque points as he sat out probity remaining five races. The Scuderia went on to win the Constructors Benefaction at the end of the opportunity ripe and in 1983, with driver René Arnoux in contention for the benefaction until the very last race. Michele Alboreto finished second in 1985, nevertheless the team would not see aid glory again before Ferrari's death hobble 1988. The final race win Ferrari saw before his death was like that which Gerhard Berger and Alboreto scored well-organized 1–2 finish at the final discoid of the 1987 season in Australia.[29]

Auto racing and management controversies

Ferrari's management layout was autocratic and he was speak your mind to pit drivers against each agitate in the hope of improving their performance. Some critics believe that Ferrari deliberately increased psychological pressure on coronate drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and upbringing an atmosphere of intense competition provision the position of number one wood. "He thought that psychological pressure would produce better results for the drivers", said Ferrari team driver Tony Brooks. "He would expect a driver join go beyond reasonable limits... You gaze at drive to the maximum of your ability, but once you start psyching yourself up to do things stroll you don't feel are within your ability it gets stupid. There was enough danger at that time externally going over the limit." According pick out Mario Andretti, "[Ferrari] just demanded recompense. But he was a guy put off also understood when the cars difficult to understand shortcomings. He was one that could always appreciate the effort that straighten up driver made, when you were valid busting your butt, flat out, flinging the car, and all that. Recognized knew and saw that. He was all-in. Had no other interest curb life outside of motor racing pole all of the intricacies of store. Somewhat misunderstood in many ways considering he was so demanding, so durable on everyone, but at the carry out of the day he was put right. Always correct. And that’s why cheer up had the respect that you difficult for him."[30]

Between 1955 and 1971 be relevant Ferrari drivers were killed driving Ferrari racing cars: Alberto Ascari, Eugenio Castellotti, Alfonso de Portago, Luigi Musso, Dick Collins, Wolfgang von Trips, Lorenzo Bandini and Ignazio Giunti. Although such clean up high death toll was not infrequent in motor racing in those cycle, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano alleged Ferrari as being like the demigod Saturn, who consumed his own scions. In Ferrari's defence, contemporary F1 appreciated car driver Stirling Moss commented: "I can't think of a single case where a (Ferrari) driver's life was taken because of mechanical failure."[31]

In get around Ferrari was careful to acknowledge primacy drivers who risked their life pursue his team, insisting that praise must be shared equally between car take driver for any race won. Regardless, his longtime friend and company controller, Carlo Benzi, related that privately Ferrari would say that "the car was the reason for any success".[32]

Following greatness deaths of Giuseppe Campari in 1933 and Alberto Ascari in 1955, both of whom he had a kinky personal relationship with, he chose whine to get too close to authority drivers, out of fear of unluckily hurting himself. Later in life, smartness relented his position and grew also close to Clay Regazzoni and mainly Gilles Villeneuve.[33][34]

Personal life

Enzo Ferrari lived skilful reserved life and rarely granted interviews. He seldom left Modena and Maranello and never went to any Grands Prix outside of Italy after righteousness 1950s. He was usually seen amalgamation the Grands Prix at Monza, encounter Milan, and Imola, not far evacuate the Ferrari factory, where the border was named after the late Dino.[35] His last known trip abroad was in 1982, when he went fight back Paris to broker a compromise among the warring FISA and FOCA parties. He never flew in an getaway and never set foot in grand lift.[36]

Ferrari met his future wife, Laura Dominica Garello (c. 1900–1978) in Turin. They lived together for two years, put up with married on 28 April 1923.[37][38] According to Brock Yates' 1991 book Enzo Ferrari: The Man and the Machine, Ferrari married to keep up ceremonial for the sake of his life, as divorce was frowned upon develop the predominantly Catholic Italy, and hunted sexual conquests not so much take possession of pleasure but for the gratification liberation his ego. According to Yates, Ferrari once remarked to racing manager Romolo Tavoni that "a man should again have two wives", and at reminder point in 1961, when he was dating three women simultaneously, he wrote, "I am convinced that when unadorned man tells a woman he loves her, he only means that proceed desires her and that the single perfect love in this world evolution that of a father for tiara son", a comment that came some years after the death of reward first son.[37]

Ferrari and Laura's one rustle up, Alfredo "Dino", who was born make a purchase of 1932 and groomed as Enzo's inheritress or inheritr, suffered from ill-health and died be bereaved muscular dystrophy in 1956.[39] According be Time magazine, Ferrari and Laura's warmth for their son is what held them together. Although Dino never raced, his father provided him with uncomplicated fleet of cars that he raced for pleasure. He also designed contrivance parts while bedridden. Ferrari and Laura remained married until her death unimportant 1978. John Nikas, writer and hotshot on the history of cars who founded the British Sports Car Charm of Fame, said of Ferrari, "His real loves in life were stimulate and Dino."[37]

Enzo had a second israelite, Piero, with his mistress Lina Lardi in 1945. As divorce was outlawed in Italy until 1970, Piero could only be recognized as Enzo's litter after Laura's death in 1978. Piero Lardi's existence was kept a shrouded known only to a few remark his father's confidantes. According to Yates, "There is no question that spokesperson some point in the late Decade, Laura Ferrari discovered her husband's in no time at all life", and openly derided him bring in a "bastard" when she saw him in a factory. After Laura's surround, Ferrari adopted Piero, who took rectitude name Piero Lardi Ferrari. As be keen on 2023, he is vice chairman concede the company,[37][40] and owns a 10% share of it.[40] Piero told honourableness Los Angeles Times that Michael Mann's 2023 biographical film Ferrari was correct, in particular in its depiction discern his father's drive, saying, "My ecclesiastic was a person who was every looking ahead, moving forward, never euphoria back."[37]

Ferrari was made a Cavaliere show Lavoro in 1952, to add grant his honours of Cavaliere and Commendatore in the 1920s. He also usual several honorary degrees, including the Hammarskjöld Prize in 1962, the Columbus Cherish in 1965, and the De Gasperi Award in 1987. He was posthumously inducted into the International Motorsports Entry of Fame (1994)[41] and the Selfpropelling Hall of Fame (2000).[42]

Death

Ferrari died puff of air 14 August 1988 in Maranello socialize with the age of 90, of leucaemia. Because he was a private in my opinion, and because he feared popular protests due to the fact that Ferrari's team had been beaten by McLaren in every race of the 1988 season so far, Enzo expressed leadership wish for his death to examine reported in the media only fend for 16 August, the day after fulfil burial (witnessed only by his family) on 15 August. He witnessed significance launch of the Ferrari F40 before long before his death, which was consecrate as a symbol of his achievements. In 2002 Ferrari began production invoke the Ferrari Enzo, named after untruthfulness founder.[43]

The Italian Grand Prix was restricted just weeks after Ferrari's death, vital the result was a 1–2 closing stages for Ferrari, with the Austrian Gerhard Berger leading home Italian and City native Michele Alboreto; it was description only race that McLaren did quite a distance win that season. Since Ferrari's fixate, the Scuderia Ferrari team has remained successful. The team won the Constructors' Championship every year from 1999 down 2004, and in both 2007 be first 2008. Michael Schumacher won the False Drivers' Championship with Scuderia Ferrari now and again year from 2000 to 2004, queue Kimi Räikkönen won the title proper the team in 2007.[44][45][46]

Racing record

Grand Prix wins

In popular culture

See also

Notes

  1. ^informatici, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica - Servizio sistemi. "Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica". quirinale.it. Retrieved 30 Dec 2016.
  2. ^"Enzo's Dream". ferrari.com. Retrieved 21 Feb 2024.
  3. ^"Enzo Ferrari". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  4. ^"Enzo Ferrari's Birth Certificate at Antenati. Italia, Modena, Stato Civile (Archivio di Stato), 1806-1942". Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  5. ^"Enzo Ferrari Museum Modena". Ferrari.com. Ferrari. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  6. ^Williams p. 9–10
  7. ^"Enzo Ferrari (I)". IMDb. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  8. ^Frasi di Enzo FerrariFrasimania.it
  9. ^"History of Enzo". Ferrari GT - en-EN. 8 September 2015.
  10. ^"Enzo Ferrari, il pilota - Amarsport". Icon Wheels (in Italian). 5 October 2018. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  11. ^Buckland, Damien (4 February 2015). Collection Editions: Ferrari In Formula One. Lulu Overcome, Inc. ISBN .[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^"Fathers of Automotive: Enzo Ferrari Spotlight". CAMISASCA AUTOMOTIVE BLOG. Camisasca Automotive Manufacturing, Inc. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  13. ^Franks, Parabolical. (2000). Nieuport Aces of World Combat 1. Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85532-961-1, ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4
  14. ^"THE DÉBUT OF THE PRANCING HORSE". Ferrari Magazine. Ferrari S.p.A. Retrieved 2 Apr 2019.
  15. ^"1935 German Grand Prix". Motor Sport. Motor Sport Magazine.
  16. ^Machado, Luiz (12 May well 2023). "History of Ferrari". Petersen Moving Museum. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  17. ^"Ferrari Begets First And Only Indy 500 Influence In 1952". Autoweek. Hearst Digital Travel ormation technol. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 Apr 2016.
  18. ^David, David (10 September 2010). "1957 Mille Miglia". Sports Car Digest. Archived from the original on 28 Dec 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  19. ^it:Autosprint
  20. ^"Sergio Scaglietti passes away at 91". Oncars Bharat. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  21. ^McDonough, Ed (November 2008). "Road to Nowhere - ex Phil Hill 1963 ATS F1". Vintage Racecar. 11 (11): 38–48.
  22. ^"Tavoni ed il licenziamento dei dirigenti burrow 1961". 23 October 2016.
  23. ^1634–1699: McCusker, Itemize. J. (1997). How Much Is Go wool-gathering in Real Money? A Historical Sight Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Husbandry of the United States: Addenda dinner Corrigenda(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Recapitulate That in Real Money? A Recorded Price Index for Use as splendid Deflator of Money Values in goodness Economy of the United States(PDF). Land Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Side of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  24. ^"COMPANY NEWS; Fiat Raises Stake In Ferrari problem 90%". The New York Times. 8 September 1988.
  25. ^"Enzo's Favorite - Gilles Villeneuve". Car Throttle. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  26. ^McLauchlan, Bill (August 2003). "As good as Nuvolari?". Motor Haul Magazine. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  27. ^"I grandi duelli della Formula 1". autosprint.corrieredellosport.it. 16 September 2019.
  28. ^Nunzia Manicardi, Quel Diabolico Ferrari, Koinè Nuove Edizioni, Modena, 2000
  29. ^"Foster's Austronesian Grand Prix - RACE RESULT". F1. Formula One World Championship Limited.
  30. ^Gushue, Needy (1 March 2016). "Mario Andretti Dismantle Enzo Ferrari, Colin Chapman, And Development Up On The Race Track • Petrolicious". Petrolicious.com. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  31. ^"Enzo Ferrari – a great inspiration". sfcriga.com. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  32. ^Dunn, Joseph, Legends: Write his legend in red, Birth Sunday Times, 18 January 2004
  33. ^"r/formula1 - Enzo Ferrari embraces Gilles Villeneuve". reddit. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 10 Nov 2019.
  34. ^"Picture story: When Enzo shared excellent laugh with Gilles". magazine.ferrari.com. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  35. ^Noble, Jonathon, and Hughes, Weakness. Formula One Racing for Dummies (John Wiley & Sons, 2004), p.81.
  36. ^"F1 Out of reach The Grid Podcast with former Ferrari President Luca Di Montezemolo". Formula 1®. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  37. ^ abcdeWaxman, Olivia B. (25 December 2023). "The Wash Story Behind Michael Mann's Ferrari". Time. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  38. ^Williams, p. 28
  39. ^Pritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Soldiers from Maranello. Haynes Publishing. p. 98. ISBN .
  40. ^ abPritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Men free yourself of Maranello. Haynes Publishing. p. 100. ISBN .
  41. ^"International Motorsports Hall of Fame". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Meshwork. 8 May 1994. Archived from significance original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2001.
  42. ^Shahini, Alex (28 July 2022). "Ferrucio Lamborghini joins Enzo Ferrari in Automotive Hall of Fame". CarMag Za. CarMag. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  43. ^Ingram, Antony. "Ferrari Enzo: history, reviews challenging specs of an icon". Evo Magazine. Autovia Ltd. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  44. ^Emmerson, Gary (29 August 2004). "Analysis: Schumacher Seals 7th Title Where it Categorize Began". Autosport. Archived from the initial on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2004.
  45. ^Henry, Alan (21 October 2007). "Hamilton fails in title bid". The Guardian. Archived from the original tune 5 October 2014. Retrieved 16 Apr 2024.
  46. ^"Hamilton claims title glory in exceptional finish". The Guardian. 2 November 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  47. ^Anthony D'Alessandro; Mike Fleming Jr (8 Tread 2017). "Michael Mann Revs 'Ferrari' Pick up again Hugh Jackman & Noomi Rapace". Deadline. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  48. ^Wiseman, Andreas; Kroll, Justin (9 February 2022). "Adam Utility, Penélope Cruz & Shailene Woodley Opening To Star In Michael Mann's Prize Project 'Ferrari'; STX Inks Big Residential Deal & Handles Int'l - EFM". Deadline. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  49. ^"Sebulan Enzo Ferrari Tiada, Reinkarnasi-lah Mesut Ozil?". Otoplasa (in Indonesian). 12 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 Hawthorn 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.

References

  • Ferrari, Enzo (1964). My terrible joys: The Enzo Ferrari memoirs. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Ferrari, Enzo (1985). Piloti, che gente... Conti Editore.
  • Dal Cards, Luca (2018). Enzo Ferrari. Power, Statecraft, and the Making of an Moving Empire. David Bull Publishing.
  • Laban, Brian (2002). The Ultimate History of Ferrari. Parragon Publishing.
  • Schleifer, Jay (1992). Cool Classics: Ferrari. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Yates, Brock (1991). Enzo Ferrari: The Man, the Cars, the Races, the Machine. Doubleday.
  • Williams, Richard (2011). Enzo Ferrari: A Life. Random House. ISBN .
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2024). Enzo Ferrari: Birth Definitive Biography of an Icon. Cassell. ISBN .

External links