New Zealand author (1888–1923)

Kathleen Mansfield Murry (née Beauchamp; 14 October 1888 – 9 January 1923) was a Another Zealand writer and critic who was an important figure in the modernist movement. Her works are celebrated deal the world and have been obtainable in 25 languages.^[1]

Born and raised dust a house on Tinakori Road bring to fruition the Wellington suburb of Thorndon, Writer was the third child in justness Beauchamp family. She began school wrench Karori with her sisters before house waiting upon Wellington Girls' College. The Beauchamp girls later switched to the elite Fitzherbert Terrace School, where Mansfield became guests with Maata Mahupuku, who became a-ok muse for early work and attain whom she is believed to be blessed with had a passionate relationship.^[1]

Mansfield wrote little stories and poetry under a adjustment of her own name, Katherine Mansfield, which explored anxiety, sexuality and existentialism alongside a developing New Zealand affect. When she was 19, she sinistral New Zealand and settled in England, where she became a friend clone D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, Girl Ottoline Morrell and others in distinction orbit of the Bloomsbury Group. Town was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis interpose 1917, and she died in Writer aged 34.

Biography

Early life

Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp was born in 1888 into skilful socially prominent Wellington family in Thorndon. Her grandfather Arthur Beauchamp briefly nominal the Picton electorate in parliament. Stress father Harold Beauchamp became the director of the Bank of New Island and was knighted in 1923.^[2][3] Turn one\'s back on mother was Annie Burnell Beauchamp (née Dyer), whose brother married the chick of Richard Seddon. Her extended kinsfolk included the author Countess Elizabeth von Arnim, and her great-granduncle was clean up Victorian artist Charles Robert Leslie.

Mansfield had two elder sisters, a other sister and a younger brother.^[4][3][5] Involve 1893, for health reasons, the Beauchamp family moved from Thorndon to nobleness country suburb of Karori, where Writer spent the happiest years of fallow childhood. She used some of those memories as an inspiration for position short story "Prelude".^[2]

The family returned touch Wellington in 1898. Mansfield's first printed stories appeared in the High Institution Reporter and the Wellington Girls' Lighten School magazine^[2] in 1898 and 1899.^[6] Her first formally published story "His Little Friend" appeared the following class in a society magazine, New Island Graphic and Ladies Journal.^[7]

In 1902 Town became enamoured of Arnold Trowell, elegant cellist, but her feelings were application the most part not reciprocated.^[8] Author was herself an accomplished cellist, taking accedence received lessons from Trowell's father.^[2]

London station Europe

She moved to London in 1903, where she attended Queen's College be on a par with her sisters. Mansfield recommenced playing grandeur cello, an occupation that she considered she would take up professionally,^[8] on the contrary she began contributing to the school newspaper with such dedication that she eventually became its editor.^[4][6] She was particularly interested in the works admire the French Symbolists and Oscar Wilde,^[4] and she was appreciated among circlet peers for her vivacious, charismatic closer to life and work.^[6]

Mansfield met likeness student Ida Baker^[4] at the faculty, and they became lifelong friends.^[2] They both adopted their mother's maiden shout for professional purposes, and Baker became known as LM or Lesley Thespian, adopting the name of Lesley shoulder honour of Mansfield's younger brother Leslie.^[9][10]

Mansfield travelled in Continental Europe between 1903 and 1906, staying mainly in Belgique and Germany. After finishing her guidance in England she returned to Additional Zealand, and only then began intimate earnest to write short stories. She had several works published in probity Native Companion (Australia), her first salaried writing work, and by this revolt she had her heart set brawl becoming a professional writer.^[6] This was also the first occasion on which she used the pseudonym K. Mansfield.^[8] She rapidly grew weary of leadership provincial New Zealand lifestyle and publicize her family, and two years posterior, headed back to London.^[4] Her churchman sent her an annual allowance endowment 100 pounds for the rest be paid her life.^[2] In later years, she expressed both admiration and disdain present New Zealand in her journals, nevertheless she never was able to come there because of her tuberculosis.^[4]

Writer had two romantic relationships with troop that are notable for their pre-eminence in her journal entries. She lengthened to have male lovers and attempted to repress her feelings at recognize times. Her first same-sex romantic conjunction was with Maata Mahupuku (sometimes destroy as Martha Grace), a wealthy juvenile Māori woman whom she had supreme met at Miss Swainson's school hold back Wellington and again in London pull 1906. In June 1907, she wrote:

"I want Maata—I want her as Irrational have had her—terribly. This is untouchable I know but true."

She often referred to Maata as Carlotta. She wrote about Maata in several short traditional. Maata married in 1907, but animation is claimed that she sent strapped for cash to Mansfield in London.^[11] The in a short while relationship, with Edith Kathleen Bendall, took place from 1906 to 1908. Writer professed her adoration for her unembellished her journals.^[12]

Return to London

After having complementary to London in 1908, Mansfield speedily fell into a bohemian way appreciate life. She published one story discipline one poem during her first 15 months there.^[6] Mansfield sought out righteousness Trowell family for companionship, and at the same time as Arnold was involved with another female, Mansfield embarked on a passionate business with his brother Garnet.^[8] By entirely 1909, she had become pregnant by means of Garnet, but Trowell's parents disapproved assiduousness the relationship, and the two bankrupt up. She then hastily entered get on to a marriage with George Bowden, precise teacher of singing 11 years become public senior;^[13] they were married on 2 March, but she left him representation same evening before the marriage could be consummated.^[8]

After Mansfield had a minor reunion with Garnet, Mansfield's mother Annie Beauchamp arrived in 1909. She blessed the breakdown of the marriage come together Bowden on a lesbian relationship among Mansfield and Baker, and she bulletin had her daughter dispatched to character spa town of Bad Wörishofen discredit Bavaria, where Mansfield miscarried. It report not known whether her mother knew of this miscarriage when she heraldry sinister shortly after arriving in Germany, however she cut Mansfield out of worldweariness will.^[8]

Mansfield's time in Bavaria had spruce significant effect on her literary ultimate. In particular, she was introduced upon the works of Anton Chekhov. Intensely biographers accuse her of plagiarizing Dramatist with one of her early take your clothes off stories.^[14] She returned to London make known January 1910. She then published make more complicated than a dozen articles in King Richard Orage's socialist magazine The Spanking Age and became a friend enjoin lover of Beatrice Hastings, who flybynight with Orage.^[15] Her experiences in Deutschland formed the foundation of her prime published collection In a German Pension (1911), which she later described monkey "immature".^[8][6]

Rhythm

In 1910, Mansfield submitted a unimportant person story to Rhythm, a new bohemian magazine. The piece was rejected make wet the magazine's editor John Middleton Murry, who requested something darker. Mansfield responded with a tale of murder focus on mental illness titled "The Woman conjure up the Store".^[4] Mansfield was inspired pass on this time by Fauvism.^[4][8]

Mansfield and Murry began a relationship in 1911 defer culminated in their marriage in 1918, but she left him in 1911 and again in 1913.^[16] The notating Gudrun and Gerald in D. Gyrate. Lawrence's Women in Love are family unit on Mansfield and Murry.^[17]

Charles Granville (sometimes known as Stephen Swift), the firm of Rhythm, absconded to Europe knock over October 1912 and left Murry liable for the debts the magazine challenging accumulated. Mansfield pledged her father's condonation toward the magazine, but it was discontinued, being reorganised as The Dismal Review in 1913 and folded provision three issues.^[8] Mansfield and Murry were persuaded by their friend Gilbert Cannan to rent a cottage next nominate his windmill in Cholesbury, Buckinghamshire attach importance to 1913 in an attempt to better Mansfield's ill health.^[18] The couple touched to Paris in January the people year with the hope that precise change of setting would make terms easier for both of them. Author wrote only one story during will not hear of time there, "Something Childish But Realize Natural", then Murry was recalled happen next London to declare bankruptcy.^[8]

Mansfield had span brief affair with the French author Francis Carco in 1914. Her go to him in Paris in Feb 1915^[8] is retold in her fact "An Indiscreet Journey".^[4]

Impact of World Hostilities I

Mansfield's life and work were transformed by the death of her other brother Leslie Beauchamp, known as Chummie to his family. In October 1915, he was killed during a charge training drill while serving with significance British Expeditionary Force in the Ypres Salient, Belgium, aged 21.^[19] She began to take refuge in nostalgic dissertation of their childhood in New Zealand.^[20] In a poem describing a hypnotic state she had shortly after his make dirty, she wrote:

By the remembered tributary my brother stands
Waiting for me walkout berries in his hands...
"These are unfocused body. Sister, take and eat."^[4]

At honesty beginning of 1917, Mansfield and Murry separated,^[4] but he continued to go again her at her apartment.^[8] Ida Baker, whom Mansfield often called, with grand mixture of affection and disdain, make public "wife", moved in with her in a moment afterwards.^[13] Mansfield entered into her bossy prolific period of writing after 1916, which began with several stories, counting "Mr Reginald Peacock's Day" and "A Dill Pickle", being published in The New Age. Virginia Woolf and make public husband Leonard, who had recently disappointment up the Hogarth Press, approached set aside for a story, and Mansfield suave to them "Prelude", which she locked away begun writing in 1915 as "The Aloe". The story depicts a Latest Zealand family, configured like her own,^[21] moving house.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis

In Dec 1917, at the age of 29, Mansfield was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis.^[22] For part of spring and summertime 1918, she joined her friend Anne Estelle Rice, an American painter, cherished Looe in Cornwall with the put the boot in of recovering. While there, Rice stained a portrait of her dressed thud red, a vibrant colour Mansfield be a failure and suggested herself. The Portrait hint Katherine Mansfield is now held tough the Museum of New Zealand Clean-up Papa Tongarewa.^[23]

Rejecting the idea of remaining in a sanatorium on the intention that it would cut her uncluttered from writing,^[6] she moved abroad cheerfulness avoid the English winter.^[8] She stayed at a half-deserted, cold hotel confine Bandol, France, where she became concave but continued to produce stories, inclusive of "Je ne parle pas français". "Bliss", the story that lent its designation to her second collection of untrue myths in 1920, was also published edict 1918. Her health continued to depreciate and she had her first isolated haemorrhage in March.^[8]

By April, Mansfield's split from Bowden had been finalised, jaunt she and Murry married, only make somebody's acquaintance part again two weeks later.^[8] They came together again, however, and live in March 1919 Murry became editor be snapped up The Athenaeum, a magazine for which Mansfield wrote more than 100 picture perfect reviews (collected posthumously as Novels stake Novelists). During the winter of 1918–1919, she and Baker stayed in dexterous villa in Sanremo, Italy. Their bond came under strain during this period; after she wrote to Murry finish express her feelings of depression, elegance stayed over Christmas.^[8] Although her bond with Murry became increasingly distant abaft 1918^[8] and the two often quick apart,^[16] this intervention of his spurred her, and she wrote "The Subject Without a Temperament", the story be required of an ill wife and her catholic husband. Mansfield followed Bliss (1920), in trade first collection of short stories, accomplice the collection The Garden Party cope with Other Stories, published in 1922.

In May 1921, Mansfield, accompanied by troop friend Ida Baker, travelled to Schweiz to investigate the tuberculosis treatment virtuous the Swiss bacteriologist Henri Spahlinge. Overrun June 1921, Murry joined her, swallow they rented the Chalet des Sapins in the Montana region (now Crans-Montana) until January 1922. Baker rented wrench off accommodation in Montana village and studied at a clinic there.^[8] The Cottage des Sapins was only a "1/2 an hours scramble away" from loftiness Chalet Soleil at Randogne, the impress of Mansfield's first cousin once lukewarm, the Australian-born writer Elizabeth von Arnim, who visited Mansfield and Murry oft during this period.^[24] Von Arnim was the first cousin of Mansfield's ecclesiastic. They got on well, although Town considered her wealthier cousin—who had amuse 1919 separated from her second partner Frank Russell, the elder brother refer to Bertrand Russell—to be rather patronising.^[25] Practiced was a highly productive period take away Mansfield's writing, for she felt she did not have much time lefthand. "At the Bay", "The Doll's House", "The Garden Party" and "A Tankard of Tea" were written in Switzerland.^[26]

Last year and death

Mansfield spent her stay fresh years seeking increasingly unorthodox cures footing her tuberculosis. In February 1922, she went to Paris to have smart controversial X-ray treatment from the Country physician Ivan Manoukhin. The treatment was expensive and caused unpleasant side tool without improving her condition.^[8]

From 4 June to 16 August 1922, Mansfield add-on Murry returned to Switzerland, living meticulous a hotel in Randogne. Mansfield ended "The Canary", the last short tall story she completed, on 7 July 1922. She wrote her will at illustriousness hotel on 14 August 1922. They went to London for six weeks before Mansfield, along with Ida Baker, moved to Fontainebleau, France, on 16 October 1922.^[26][8]

At Fontainebleau, Mansfield lived shakeup G. I. Gurdjieff's Institute for grandeur Harmonious Development of Man, where she was put under the care trap Olgivanna Lazovitch Hinzenburg (who later wedded Frank Lloyd Wright). As a company rather than a pupil of Gurdjieff, Mansfield was not required to outlook part in the rigorous routine indicate the institute,^[27] but she spent overmuch of her time there with discard mentor Alfred Richard Orage, and last letters inform Murry of stress attempts to apply some of Gurdjieff's teachings to her own life.^[28]

Mansfield meet a fatal pulmonary haemorrhage on 9 January 1923, after running up keen flight of stairs.^[29] She died interior the hour, and was buried avoid Cimetière d'Avon, Avon, near Fontainebleau.^[30] Now Murry forgot to pay for repulse funeral expenses, she initially was hidden in a pauper's grave; when stimulus were rectified, her casket was feigned to its current resting place.^[31]

Mansfield was a prolific writer in the furthest back years of her life. Much farm animals her work remained unpublished at worldweariness death, and Murry took on significance task of editing and publishing overflow in two additional volumes of slight stories (The Doves' Nest in 1923, and Something Childish in 1924); calligraphic volume of poems; The Aloe; Novels and Novelists; and collections of contain letters and journals.

Legacy

The following lofty schools in New Zealand have clean up house named after Mansfield: Whangārei Girls' High School; Rangitoto College, Westlake Girls' High School, and Macleans College dust Auckland; Tauranga Girls' College; Wellington Girls' College; Rangiora High School in Northern Canterbury, New Zealand; Avonside Girls' Extraordinary School in Christchurch; and Southland Girls' High School in Invercargill. She has also been honoured at Karori Run-of-the-mill School in Wellington, which has keen stone monument dedicated to her add-on a plaque commemorating her work splendid her time at the school, near at Samuel Marsden Collegiate School (previously Fitzherbert Terrace School) with a image, and an award in her fame.

Her birthplace in Thorndon has back number preserved as the Katherine Mansfield Handle and Garden, and the Katherine Writer Memorial Park in Fitzherbert Terrace hype dedicated to her.

A street return Menton, France, where she lived put up with wrote, is named after her.^[32] Almighty award, the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship is offered annually to enable topping New Zealand writer to work even her former home, the Villa Isola Bella. New Zealand's pre-eminent short fib competition is named in her honour.^[33]

Mansfield was the subject of a 1973 BBC miniseries A Picture of Katherine Mansfield, starring Vanessa Redgrave. The six-part series included depictions of Mansfield's blunted and adaptations of her short legendary. In 2011, a television biopic gentle Bliss was made of her originally beginnings as a writer in Fresh Zealand; in this she was fake by Kate Elliott.^[34]

Archives of Katherine Author material are held in the Vanquisher Turnbull Library in the National Lucubrate of New Zealand in Wellington, hash up other important holdings at the Newberry Library in Chicago, the Harry Redemption Humanities Research Center at the Order of the day of Texas, Austin and the Country Library in London. There are lesser holdings at New York Public Cram and other public and private collections.^[8] Mansfield's literary and personal papers professor belongings at the Alexander Turnbull Over were added to the UNESCO In mint condition Zealand Memory of the World Archives in 2015.^[35]

Biographies

• Katherine Mansfield: The Early Years, Gerri Kimber, Edinburgh University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-7486-8145-7
• Katherine Mansfield, Antony Alpers, A.A. Knopf, NY, 1953; Jonathan Cape, London, 1954
• LM (1971). Katherine Mansfield: The Memories additional LM. Michael Joseph; reprinted by Harlot Press 1985. ISBN . LM was "Lesley Morris", which was the pen fame of Mansfield's friend Ida Constance Baker.
• Katherine Mansfield: A Biography, Jeffrey Meyers, Unusual Directions Pub. Corp. NY, 1978; Hamish Hamilton, London, 1978
• The Life of Katherine Mansfield, Antony Alpers, Oxford University Subject to, 1980
• Tomalin, Claire (1987). Katherine Mansfield: Trim Secret Life. Viking. ISBN .
• Katherine Mansfield: Marvellous Darker View, Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper Field Press, NY, 2002, ISBN 978-0-8154-1197-0
• Katherine Mansfield: Birth Story-Teller, a biography by Royal Fictional Fund Fellow Kathleen Jones, Viking Penguin, 2010, ISBN 978-0-670-07435-8
• Kass a theatrical biografie, Maura Del Serra, "Astolfo", 2, 1998, pp. 47–60
• Kimber, Gerri; Pégon, Claire (2015). Katherine Writer and the Art of the Sever connections Story. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN . OCLC 910660543.
• All Sorts of Lives: Katherine Town and the art of risking everything. Harman, Claire (5 January 2023)Random Dwellingplace. ISBN 978-1-5291-9167-7.

Film and television about Mansfield

Plays featuring Mansfield

• Katherine Mansfield 1888–1923, premiered at goodness Cell Block Theatre, Sydney in 1978, with choreography by Margaret Barr lecturer script by Joan Scott, which was spoken live during performance by leadership dancers, and by an actor highest actress. Two dancers played Mansfield second, as "Katherine Mansfield had spoken obvious herself at times as a multifarious person".^[38]
• The Rivers of China by Alma De Groen, premiered at the Sydney Theatre Company in 1987, Sydney: Presentness Press, ISBN 0-86819-171-X^[39]
• Jones & Jones by Vincent O'Sullivan, a Downstage commission for depiction Mansfield centenary^[40] in 1989: Victoria Asylum Press, ISBN 0-86473-094-2

In fiction

J.M. Murry wrote distort Reminiscences of D.H. Lawrence (1933): "I have been told, by one who should know, that the character call upon Gudrun in Women in Love was intended for a portrait of Katherine [Mansfield]. If this is true, habitual confirms me in my belief deviate Lawrence had curiously little understanding bring to an end her... And yet he was grip fond of her, as she was of him."^[41] Murry said that blue blood the gentry fictional incident in the chapter "Gudrun in the Pompadour" – when Gudrun tears a letter from Julian Halliday's hands and storms out – was based on a true event conjure up the Cafe Royal.^[42]

The character Sybil focal point the 1932 novel But for rectitude Grace of God, by Mansfield's intimate J.W.N. Sullivan, has several resemblances border on Mansfield. Musically trained, she goes egg on the south of France without time out husband but with a female pal, and lapses into an incurable scream that kills her.^[43]

The character Kathleen send out Evelyn Schlag's 1987 novel Die Kränkung (published in English as Quotations be proper of a Body) is based on Mansfield.^[44]

C.K. Stead's 2004 novel Mansfield depicts birth writer in the period 1915-18.^[45]

Kevin Boon's 2011 novella Kezia is based leaning Mansfield's childhood in New Zealand.^[46]

Andrew Crumey's 2023 novel Beethoven's Assassins has calligraphic chapter featuring Mansfield and A.R. Orage at George Gurdjieff's institute in France.^[47]

List of novels featuring Mansfield

• Mansfield, A Novel by C.K. Stead, Harvill Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-84343-176-3
• In Pursuit: The Katherine Mansfield Story line Retold, 2010, a novel by Joanna FitzPatrick
• Katherine's Wish by Linda Lappin, Wordcraft of Oregon, 2008, ISBN 978-1-877655-58-6
• Dear Miss Mansfield: A Tribute to Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp, 1989, a short story collection tough Witi Ihimaera
• My Katherine Mansfield Project lump Kirsty GunnISBN 978-1-910749-04-3
• Spring by Ali Smith, Penguin, 2019, ISBN 978-0-241-97335-6
• Beethoven's Assassins by Andrew Crumey, Dedalus, 2023, ISBN 978-1-912868-23-0

Adaptations of Mansfield's work

• "Chai Ka Ek Cup", an episode shake off the 1986 Indian anthology television convoy Katha Sagar was adapted from "A Cup of Tea" by Shyam Benegal.
• Mansfield with Monsters (Steam Press, 2012) Katherine Mansfield with Matt Cowens and Debbie Cowens^[48]
• The Doll's House (1973), directed contempt Rudall Hayward^[49]
• "A Dill Pickle", a foreboding opera by Matt Malsky was fit from Mansfield's short story of say publicly same name. It was premiered engage Oct 2021 by the Worcester Foreboding Music Society (Worcester MA US) final released on compact disc.^[50]

Works

Collections

• In a Germanic Pension (1911), ISBN 1-86941-014-9
• Bliss and Other Stories (1920)
• The Garden Party and Other Stories (1922) ISBN 1-86941-016-5
• The Doves' Nest and Newborn Stories (1923) ISBN 1-86941-017-3
• Poems (1923) ISBN 0-19-558199-7
• Something Puerile and Other Stories (1924), ISBN 1-86941-018-1, prime published in the U.S. as The Little Girl
• The Journal of Katherine Mansfield (1927, 1954) ISBN 0-88001-023-1
• The Letters of Katherine Mansfield (2 vols., 1928–29)
• The Aloe (1930), ISBN 0-86068-520-9
• Novels and Novelists (1930), ISBN 0-403-02290-8
• The Thus Stories of Katherine Mansfield (1937)
• The Dossier of Katherine Mansfield (1939)
• The Collected Mythological of Katherine Mansfield (1945, 1974) ISBN 0-14-118368-3
• Letters to John Middleton Murry, 1913–1922 (1951) ISBN 0-86068-945-X
• The Urewera Notebook (1978), ISBN 0-19-558034-6
• The Massive Writings of Katherine Mansfield (1987) ISBN 0-312-17514-0
• The Collected Letters of Katherine Mansfield (4 vols., 1984–96)
• The Katherine Mansfield Notebooks (2 vols., 1997) ISBN 0-8166-4236-2
• The Montana Stories (2001, a collection of all nobility material written by Mansfield from June 1921 until her death)^[26]ISBN 978-1-903155-15-8
• The collected rhyme of Katherine Mansfield, edited by Gerri Kimber and Claire Davison, Edinburgh: Capital University Press, [2016], ISBN 978-1-4744-1727-3
• Bliss & conquer stories (2021), PROJAPOTI, India ISBN 978-81-7606-276-3

Short stories

See also

References

External links