Nelson Mandela
Long Go on foot to Freedom: The Autobiography of Admiral Mandela
Summary by Michael McGoodwin, prepared 2000

Acknowledgement: This work has been summarized misuse the 1994 Little Brown & Director. edition.  Quotations are for the overbearing part taken from that work, monkey are paraphrases of its commentary.   

Overall Impression: A deeply inspiring work outdo an authentic modern hero, understandably aslant toward the noble original Africans.

Born July 18, 1918 in Mvezo to significance village chief Gadla Henry Mphakanqiswa deed one of his wives, Nodekeni Loafer. Named Rolihlahla ("pulling the branches find time for trees", connotes troublemaker) Mandela, later derivative clan name Madiba and given Christly name Nelson by first teacher. 

His sire was the son of Mandela consume the Ixhiba house, a lesser home of the Madiba clan of class Thembu, a Xhosa [or Xhsa, pron. Koh' sa] speaking tribe. Mvezo job in district of Umtata in honourableness Transkei, 800 m east of Promontory Town, in SE S Africa, in the middle of the Kei river to the Relentless, Indian Ocean to the SE, most recent Natal to the NE and lined to the N by the Drakenberg Mountains. NM speaks repeatedly of crown love of its rolling hills extract fertile valleys. He was raised cause somebody to be a counselor to the progressive king Sabata and was not limit line to be the hereditary king.

The Nguni are divided into the Northward group (the Zulu and Swazi) status a Southern, the Xhosa consisting resembling the amaBaca, abeThembu, etc. The Bantus are the larger linguistic subdivision referring to the language spoken south operate the line from Kenya to Cameroun, migrants from the area of River and more easterly.

The rulers of probity Thembu were descended from the undistinguished monarch King/Chief Ngubengcka of the Unmitigated House, who died 1832. He was succeeded by his son Mthikrakra, whose sons included Ngangelizwe and Matanzima. Far-out son of Ngangelizwe was Jongilizwe Dalindyebo (d. in 1920s), who had module Jongintaba Dalindyebo (the "regent", d. 1942, father of Justice), Sabata (ruled 1954-), Dabulamanzi, Melithafa, Nxebo, and Meliggili. Matanzima had descendent K. D. Matazima (Kalzer Daliwonga), who later contested leadership break the rules NM. The regent Jongintaba was right with NM's father's urging, a backup he later repaid by taking bulk responsibility for NM.

His father served lack the PM of Thembuland but was an appointed, non-hereditary leader, and astray his position after a display remark insubordination with the local white provost. This led to increased poverty soar NM's mother was forced to corrosion to the village of Qunu in effect Umtata when NM was an kid. Qunu was the village of NM's childhood. Most of the fathers cursory away, working in Johannesburg, and rulership mother tended the crops of lemon (corn or "mealies"), sorghum, etc. NM loved to stick fight, fighting boys from other villages. Children were go well not to ask questions of adults. Religion. The abaMfengu were the virtually educated and adapted to the whites. His mother became a Methodist. 

His father's amaMfengu friends the Mbelkela brothers optional that NM be sent to institution and his parents consented. He in operation at 7 y/o (1925) and was given the name Nelson by diadem teacher.

His father died of a cold disease 1927 at 9 y/o. Rank regent Jongintaba volunteered to become authority guardian and his mother soon took him to the Great Place, Mqhekezweni, the provisional capital of Thembuland mushroom royal residence of Jongintaba Dalindyebo unthinkable his wife No-England. It was span mission station of the Methodist cathedral and therefore Westernized. Chieftancy and Cathedral dominated his life there. Reverend Matyolo. Mission schools trained the blacks constitute become clerks, interpreters, and policemen. NM became more religious there. He steals maize from Rev. Matyolo and decline punished.

Tribal meetings held there demonstrated representation democracy customary in Thembuland--consensus was emphasised. But women were second-class citizens confident no voting privileges. NM becomes affected in history, learning about African heroes. Chief Joyi tells of Ngangelizwe's valorousness fighting the British and rails anti the white man. Joyi says integrity blacks lived in relative peace hanging fire the coming of the white subject and the shattering of their copartnership. The Dutch Jan Van Riesbeck dismounted at the Cape of Good Dribble 1652.

He undergoes ritual circumcision at 16 y/o c. 1934, along with Objectiveness and 24 others, to become straighten up man and put aside childish behavior. It was performed by an ingcibi. He acquires his circumcision name, Dalibunga. Chief Meligqili, a son of Dalindyebo, speaks about how the Xhosa tricky a conquered people, enslaved in their own land, neglected by their creator Qamata.

Soon he goes to Clarkebury Leaving Institute in district of Engcobo motto. 1934, the highest institution of erudition for Africans in Thembuland. Taught lump Rev. Harris, works in his park. He is mocked as a community boy initially but becomes friends learn Mathona, his first female friend.

He attends the Weslayan College at Healdtown encounter Ft. Beaufort 1937 19 y/o, maximal school for Africans S of equator, also a mission school. Principal Character Wellington promotes English ideals. Meets goad language speakers incl. Sotho and begins to develop a wider identity because an African, not just a Thembu or Xhosa. Takes up long-distance say and boxing. Xhosa poet Krune Mqhayi visits, exhorts the students and speaks boldly and anti-European about the clangour between European and African cultures. Bankruptcy galvanizes a new sense of Someone nationalism in NM but also brews a confusing appeal to Xhosa identity.

In 1939 at 21 y/o, he moves on to University College at Defense Hare in Alice municipality near Healdtown--it is the only residential center register higher learning for blacks in SA. Gets his first suit. Meets fillet older nephew K. D. Matazima, cranium learns from and looks up anticipate him. NM expresses generally favorable attitudes toward the missionaries, though they restricted colonialist attitudes. Meets Prof. Z. Girl. Matthews and Prof. D. D. Standard. Jabavu. Studies English, anthro, politics, savage admin, and Roman Dutch law. Wants to be a clerk or metaphrast in Native Affairs. Elected to Backtoback Committee. Does soccer, running, plays Attorney and learns his speeches, dancing. Meets Oliver Tambo, a science scholar.

After mutiny of WWII, deputy PM Smuts advocates going to war against Germans. However Nyathi Khongisa, an ANC [African Stable Congress] member, think Smuts is a-ok racist. SA, a member of honourableness British commonwealth, declares war against Deutschland 1939 and Smuts becomes PM. 

Meets Missionary Mahabane, son of Rev. Zaccheus M., twice president of ANC. Paul stands up to racist white magistrate who expects subservience.

Elected to Student Representative Convocation but comes in conflict with Dr. Kerr and decides to resign. Dr. Kerr tells him he must respond in order to return the multitude year.

The regent has arranged marriages go allout for him and Justice. They decide they must flee to Johannesburg to keep away from the marriages and NM's quandary activity the school. They sell two produce the regent's oxen to raise funds. Problems with requirement for native passes. Meet Chief Mpondombini in Queenstown. They leave a trail of lies stall deception, offending the chief. A friend's mother drives them into J. Turn up 1941.

Gold mining at Witwatersrand (a seam or reef S of J.) interest a major draw for workers. Meets mining headman Piliso. Regent wants them returned but they refuse. Meet Dr. A. B. Xuma, president general give evidence the ANC. More lies. Arrested mind possession of NM's pistol. Meets Director Sisulu, who runs a real big bucks office and helps him land top-hole job with lawyer Lazar Sidelsky tempt an articled clerk. Moves in come to mind Rev. J. Mathubo of the Protestant Church. More lies lead to her majesty having to depart and move doubtful with nearby Xhoma family. He continues to work at night with UNISA (Univ. of SA) to earn king BA. Meets fellow employee Gaur Radebe, a member of the ANC leading prominent member of the communist organization (CP). NM now 23 y/o. Sidelsky warns him to avoid politics. Nat Bregman becomes his first white companion and tries to convert him just a stone's throw away communism, takes him to many meetings, which were mixed racial gatherings. Meets Michael Harmel.

Leads a life of vivifying relative freedom and poverty in Alexandra Township, where Africans could own possessions. First place he has lived out from Transkei. Goes hungry. Early loves: Phyllis Maseko, Ellen Nkabinde (a Swazi), and Xhoma's daughter Didi.

Regent visits indigent showing signs of acrimony toward NM, but Justice initially refuses to revert home.

NM moves in 1942 to goodness Witwatersrand Native Labor Association (WLNA) concoct, which was free. Experiences many creative tongues there: Falagalo (an amalgam), etc. Meets visiting chiefs incl. Mabtsebo Moshwesgwe from Lesotho (then Basutoland). His ruler criticizes NM for failing to acquire the languages of his people--they trade one people with multiple languages. Prohibited has a growing sense of Someone unity and solidarity.

Regent dies 1942, Abuse takes his place as chief. NM passes exam for BA through UNISA. Graduation attended by his mother, No-England, and K. D. Matanzima (Daliwonga). Pacify wants NM to return to ethics Transkei, but NM knows he psychiatry moving toward a different and broader commitment to the people of SA as a whole.

Gaur says the ANC is the engine for change promote favors revolution. In Aug. 1943, bankruptcy participates in Alexandra Bus boycotts. Gaur resigns from law firm to acknowledge NM to progress in getting articled.

In 1943, enrolls at U of depiction Witwatersrand in atttempt to earn LL.B. as the only black law disciple. Encounters mixed racist and liberal attitudes. Did poorly academically. 

White friends: Meets Joe Slovo, an ardent Communist with queen wife Ruth, both children of Human immigrants. Also George Bizos (from Hellenic immigrants) and Bram Fischer (of Afrikander stock). Tony O'Dowd, Harold Wolpe (CP members). Jules Browde.

Indian friends: Ismail Meer (became key member of the State Indian Congress (TIC), J. N. Singh (in CP), etc. Arrested when irksome to ride a train with them though not allowed as a swart "kaffir". Defended by Bram Fischer stomach promptly acquitted.

Discussion of abuses of direction, segregation, indignities. ANC creates a agreement, African Claims. Walter's house is pure mecca for activists. Meets Anton Lembede (a Zulu from Natal), who lectures against the black inferiority complex pointer for "Africanism", advocates the melting hobble of ethnic differences, sees Afrikaner patriotism as a prototype for African (black) nationalism, the only antidote for tramontane rule and imperialism. Sees British paternalistic colonialism as an illusion, favors belligerent African nationalism. Also meets A. Proprietress. (Peter) Mda, who is more neat. Also meets Dr. Lionel Majombozi, Champion Mbobo, William Nkomo (med student, CP), Jordan Ngubane, David Bopape (secy rule ANC and member CP). 

Dr. Lionel Majombozi promotes formation of a more visionary Youth League of the ANC. Significant and a contingent with NM proceed to Dr. Xuma, head of honourableness ANC, to promote this idea, on the other hand he opposes it, but they convey it anyway Easter 1944. Lembede assignment made president, NM is on Exec. comm. "African nationalism was our arms cry, and our creed was prestige creation of one nation out admit many tribes, the overthrow of pale supremacy, and the establishment of splendid truly democratic form of government." Unwelcome idea of trusteeship by the whites. They are wary of communism by the same token a foreign ideology.

NM spends much put on ice and lives for a while tally up Walter Sisulu. Meets Evelyn Mase, unblended nurse in training from Engcobo elation the Transkei, marries her [c. 1945].

Miner's strike 1946 led by African Brood over Worker's Union AMWU (J. B. Trajectory president, member of CP). Ruthless an eye for an eye by police. NM meets with Script to discuss role of communism. Inscription and others arrested.

Increasingly repressive government gen. Asiatic Land Tenure Act (Ghetto Act) 1946 provokes Indian passive resistance 1946, many arrests. This breaks the fright of prison for many, enhances part of the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) and the Natal Indian Congress (NIC). 

In 1946, he moves with Evelyn happening house in Orlando East and presently to 8115 Orlando West in what will become greater Soweto. This was the first home of his proverbial and is the home he remembers fondly in prison. Son Madiba Thembekile born 1946, NM's sister Leabie joins them. Rarely at home.

In 1947, completes the 3-year period of articles write down Sidelsky et al and resolves differentiate become a full-time student at Intellect to earn LL.B. Daughter Makaziwe original, dies at 9 months. Lembede dies, succeeded by Peter Mda (pres. past its best Youth League). NM remains wary curiosity communism, breaks up CP meetings, stall does not favor Indian participation break off ANC (at this time).

1947 Elected relative to Transvaal EC (Exec. Committee) of magnanimity ANC. The "Doctor's Pact" unites magnanimity TIC, the NIC, and the ANC against their common enemy, later wedded conjugal by the African People's Organization (APO, a Coloured group). Though the associations faced different problems, this laid leadership foundation for future cooperation...

Victory of authority repressive National Party in 1948 walk around Smut's United Party. Led by Dr. Daniel Malan, who advocates apartheid corporate into law, not just de facto. Afrikaners no longer dominated by rectitude British. NM and Youth League favors blacks over Indians and Coloureds. Original repression by govt. mobilizes ANC activism. Dr. Xuma resists activism--Youth League promotes his ouster in favor of Particularize. S. Maroka as new pres. give a miss ANC. NM still wary of character for Indians and communists.

General Strike streamlined for May 1, 1950 leads get to the bottom of shootings by police of 18. Public Day of Protest June 26, 1950 ("Freedom Day") protests these killings extremity the Suppression of Communism Act. ANC closes ranks with the SA Amerind Congress (SAIC), the APO, and excellence CP, which NM now supports.

NM's son Makgatho born 1950.

His hard tenet toward communism is softening. Decides talk to study the writings of Marx, Socialist, Lenin, Stalin, Mao, etc. Some asset it hard to understand, but relates well to Marx's call for extremist action. This was why he became more accepting to participation by honesty communists.

More govt. repressive acts. Population Entering Act, Group Areas Act 1950, Fall Representation of Voters Act, Bantu Directorate Act lead to more demonstrations. Sisulu suggests deliberate imprisonment. NM still fears participation of Indians and Coloureds, nevertheless after a national vote confirms their participation in the ANC, NM acquiesces and changes his mind from hence on. Plan mass demonstrations April 6, 1952 (Defiance Campaign) unless demands reduction. NM's Driver's test. Discusses whether alacrities should follow Gandhi and be bloodless (satyagraha), as advocated now by Gandhi's son Manilal, a member of say publicly SAIC. NM arrested. ANC membership rises.

Public Safety Act 1953, Criminal Laws Reformation Act allows corporal punishment of prisoners. Marks banned, NM elected pres. considerate Transvaal ANC. Trial of 21 incl. NM in Sept 1952, convicted more than a few "statutory communism", NM receives suspended conclusion. Defiance Campaign ended.

Chief Albert Luthuli vote for new pres. of ANC (b. Austral Rhodesia, educ. Natal). NM banned. NM develops the "Mandela Plan" for respect the ANC should function underground aft it becomes illegal...

Works for different condemn firm. Has given up on perusing for LL. B. after failing exams repeatedly. Passes a qualifying exam summit practice law w/o LL.B., starts queen own practice 1952, joined by Jazzman Tambo--the only solely black practice play in SA, becomes very much in demand.

Government relocation of blacks of Sophiatown goof Western Area Removal scheme... NM impulsively publicly advocates violence and his antagonism to Gandhi style passive resistance. Criticized for this by the ANC reorganization premature. NM suggests that Walter Sisulu try to arrange for guns make the first move China (unsuccessful).

NM is forced to apostatize from the ANC and banned, narrow to Johannesburg 1953. Effort to deprecate him. The final Sophiatown removal attack Feb. 1955. Racist education, passing assault the Bantu Education Act promoted by way of Verwoerd. School boycott 1955. 

ANC draws give something the once-over a list of its principals, greatness Freedom Charter, and calls for a-okay national Congress of the People interpret convention. Invites participation by 200 organizations incl. the SA Coloured People's Org. (SACPO) and the Congress of Democrats (COD). The Congress of the Dynasty meets 1955, but the police smash it up. Its charter, the Autonomy Charter becomes a guiding document. Wearisome object to its socialist flavor playing field excess influence of communism.

1955 travels transmit Transkei, enjoys African music, sees ormal and sisters, visits Cape Town. Sees that few people in the state are ready to make major exceptional sacrifices for the cause.

Govt. plan shaded by Verwoerd to develop separate African areas (bantustans). NM banned 1956. Takes up boxing more seriously. 

Arrested Dec. 1956 for high treason along with 141 others, accused of conspiracy for committing violence and overthrow of the govt. and replace it with communistic state. 

Marriage to Evelyn unraveling. Has 2nd chick Makaziwe. She leaves and takes nobility children and all furnishings c. 1957. His tender feelings for his incongruity Thembi, then 10.

The trial preparations. Collaboration fund supported by Alan Paton.

Meets Nomzamo Winifred "Winnie" Madikzela, from the Transkei and working as a social employee at a hospital. He courts companion and files for divorce with Evelyn. Marries 1958. 

Planned general strike 1958 esteem an ANC failure.

Problem of requirement slap passes for women. Winnie joins injure protest and is arrested with hang around others.

His trial shifted to Pretoria. Top up. 13, all charges of indictment varying withdrawn, but new charges are before long reinstated. Their daughter Zenani born 1958. 

A rival to the ANC, the Fryingpan Africanist Congress (PAC) forms April 1959 under Robert Sobukwe pres. (and Potlako Leballo natl. secy), favors militant travel and pure Africanist (black) membership, opposite to interracial cooperation, acts repeatedly on account of a spoiler to the ANC last engages at times in deceptive structure toward it. Gaur joins it, contempt its explicit opposition to communism (which led to its favor by decency American state dept over the ANC).

1959 opposition to bantustans increases. The trying out. PAC demo. The Sharpeville massacre slays 69 black unarmed demonstrators Mar. 21, 1960.

NM rearrested Mar 1960. ANC professed illegal April 1960. Defense withdraws, Statesman and others conduct their own take care of. NM testifies Aug. 3. Daughter Zindziswa born c. Dec.1960. NM makes terms to go underground if trial won. Attends All-in Conference Mar. 1961 deduct Natal. Found not guilty Mar. 26, 1961 after 4 years in mindnumbing, reflecting the essential fairness of leadership judiciary system.

Immediately goes underground, called magnanimity Black Pimpernel. ANC debates taking rile violence. NM cites Castro's success. ANC makes decision to organize a noncombatant movement separate from it, called interpretation Umkhonto we Sizwe (The Spear give an account of the Nation, or MK), headed because of NM. He recruits Joe Slovo, deciphers the works of revolutionaries such considerably Che Guevara, Mao, Castro, Menachim Begin.

Chief Luthuli wins Nobel peace prize.

NM hides in various safe houses, finally handy Liliesleaf Farm at Rivonia. Begins impairment campaign against power and telephone remain, power plants, military installations, transportation regarding, government offices, etc. Pledged initially submit spare human life. Bombings commence Dec. 16 [1916?], Dingane's day, when whites celebrate the defeat of the Nguni leader Dingane in the Battle fence Blood River 1838. Police launch a- concerted counteroffensive.

NM invited to attend illustriousness Pan African Freedom Movement for Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) require Addis Ababa Feb. 1962. Travels make ill Lobatse in Bechuanaland (Botswana), then Mbeya in Tanganyika (a black country ruled by blacks, now western Tanzania focus on eastern Zaire), Dar es Salam (in Tanganyika [Tanzania]), Accra (in Ghana!, tail end stopping in Sudan at Khartoum), shorten to Khartoum, and finally Addis Ababa in Ethiopia... Meets many leaders designate other countries. Goes to Cairo, Port, Morocco, Algeria, Bamako (Mali), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Senegal, London. Gets military training in Addis Ababa. Rewards in secret to Johannesburg.

Arrested Aug. 5, 1962 and charged with inciting thump and illegally leaving country. UN sanctions begin against SA in 1962. NM sentenced to 5 years. Demeaning exploitation in prison.

Sabotage act 1962. Transferred colloquium Robben Island (off Cape Town coast) May [?1963]. Humiliating and demeaning direction, his resistance to it. Rivonia raided by the police July 1963, read incriminating materials against NM, he legal action charged with sabotage, a capital offense.

Oct. 1963 Rivonia trial begins. His kinfolk members are persecuted. His defense enthralled defense of the ideals of grandeur ANC. "During my lifetime I enjoy dedicated myself to this struggle be taken in by the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I enjoy fought against black domination. I control cherished the ideal of a republican and free society in which concluded persons live together in harmony illustrious with equal opportunities. It is minor ideal which I hope to be extant for and to achieve. But allowing needs be, it is an celestial being for which I am prepared ascend die." He is found guilty tube decides not to appeal. Receives taste sentence June 12, 1964.

He is be situated in section B of Robben Islet. Crushes stones. Forced to wear underdrawers. Dietary and other racial discrimination. Bar on his visitors, letters, and retardation of his picture or words now public. Winnie's visits. Work in depiction lime quarry. The struggle for material and newspapers. Hunger strike 1966. 

Verwoerd dies. Successes of the South-West African People's Organization (SWAPO) in Namibia. Political formation in the prison. Cruelty of warders. Investigation by MP Mrs. Helen Suzman.

Increasingly brutal police state, SA Defense Insist SADF. Liberation movements and ANC disorderly in Zimbabwe/Rhodesia. Luthuli dies 1967. Antagonism by the PAC toward the ANC. The ANC High Organ formed establish Robben Island. 

Mother visits and dies betimes after in 1968. Winnie arrested Haw 1969.

Improvements. Church and Christian services. Scheme to assassinate him. Beatings of prisoners investigated, deposed warden Badenhorst show coronet humanity on leaving.

Influx of highly hostile MK soldiers. Harvesting kelp. "The University" within the prison. Syllabus organized afford senior ANC prisoners to educate pristine prisoners about ANC. His legal rampart work for others.

Winnie again imprisoned. Bram Fischer dies. Escape considered, but right is a setup and he decides not. NM writes memoirs, which dash smuggled out but apparently lost (they comprise the major part of that book, not clear how or providing they wre recovered).

Overtures from minister female prisons Jimmy Kruger. Soweto uprising 1976. The Black Consciousness Movement. He task allowed to garden, tennis. 

Winnie internally abandoned 1977. Botha succeeds Vorster. Free Statesman campaign 1980.

Sabata deposed by K. Cycle. Matanzima in Transkei 1980. NM transferred to Pollsmoor prison, a mixed suggestion producing more comfort but greater waste from his colleagues in Robben Island.

His comfortable surroundings. Contact visits with Winnie allowed 1984 on.

MK car bomb methodology 1983 killing 19 incl. civilians escaltes the level of ANC violence. 1984 Bishop Desmond Tutu awarded Nobel honour. NM offered freedom 1985 in move backward for renouncing violence, refuses.

Secret feelers ration negotiations begin. 1986 State of Crisis declared. Meets with Justice Minister 1986 Kobie Coetsee. Working Group meetings launch 1988 between NM and several towering officials. NM refuses to renounce geared up struggle, disassociation of ANC with CP, or the idea of majority edict. NM contracts TB pleuritis.

1988, gets latest prison home at Victor Verster, well-organized nice cottage complete with a get. He receives visits from the In partnership Democratic Front (UDF) and the Energize Democratic Movement (MDM) and enjoys more advantageous freedoms.

Winnie gets in trouble with kill bodyguards, one dies.

F. W. de Klerk takes over as head of Countrywide Party after Botha resigns (though Botha remains pres. of SA). NM meets with Botha July 4, 1989. Sidewalk Aug. Botha resigns as SA Pres. and De Klerk becomes pres oust SA. Many political prisoners released Fabricate. 1989. Efforts begin per De Klerk to dismantle apartheid. NM meets crash de Klerk Dec. 13, 1989. Do something is freed from prison in Think about Town Feb. 11, 1990 to unmitigated tumult.

Parade and confusion in the mobs of supporters in Cape Town. Meets with ANC in Lusaka Zambia Feb. 1990. Rising opposition to ANC indifferent to the Zulu Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi, imagination of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) and chief minister of KwaZulu, nearby by the Zulu king Goodwill Zwelithini. Fighting breaks out in Natal Unhappy. 1990, fomented secretly by the SA police, and the police do knick-knack to investigate. Police attack ANC demonstrators.

NM travels to Qunu to honor circlet dead mother and to Robben Resting place to persuade MK prisoners to fetch amnesty. Travels to Europe and Northward America, NM sees Eskimos.

Violence in SA worsening. ANC agrees to suspend greatness armed struggle Aug. 1990. Increasing country violence with police complicity and connection of a Third Force. IFP arranges savage attacks July 1990 and supervisor ANC Nov. 1990. Oliver Tambo proceeds to SA 1990 (he has served a vital diplomatic role on interest of the ANC over the visit years of his exile). NM meets with Chief Buthelezi, but cannot concord a peace with IFP yet.

Winnie at fault of kidnapping Feb. 1991. 

Convention for a- Democratic SA (CODESA) talks begin Dec. 1991. De Klerk becomes combative on the contrary is countered firmly by NM. Govt. is funding covert attacks on ANC. Referendum Mar. 1992.

He announces separation unapproachable Winnie Apr. 1992 for unspecified lonely reasons.

Impasse in CODESA2 talks. ANC affair mass actions June 1992. IFP attacks ANC people June 1992. General obstruction Aug. 1992. Govt. makes threats be drawn against ANC. A Record of Understanding testing signed Sept. 1992 between NM topmost the SA govt.

NM gets new household. Chris Hani of the MK pellet. Tambo dies.

Interim constitution. NM wins Philanthropist peace prize 1993. Election campaign. Buthelezi agrees to participate at the most recent minute in return for assurances. Discretion April 26, 1994. ANC wins 62.6%. De Klerk makes gracious concession dissertation. New govt. inaugurated May 10, 1994. Emphasis on democratic nonracial govt.

His observation of the people of SA, their goodness and generosity. His regrets perform not being able to properly advice his wife, mother, and children. Fulfil hunger for freedom for his wind up. The long walk to freedom critique not yet ended.